Topic

Topic is what is talked about or written about.
According to J.A. van Fk (1976), the topics produced by the society are;
1. Personal identification. In this topic the speakers give information about themselves. The topic could be the speakers’ name, age, sex, and so on.
2. House and home. This topic discuss about where someone lives and its condition, for example, types of house, rooms, and their furniture.
3. life at home, for example, family. occupation of parents. Daily routines, and so on.
4. Education and future career. for example. daily routines in school. subjects, and so on.
5. Free time and entertainment, for example. hobbies, interests, theatre.sport. TV, and so on
6. Travel, for example, travel for holiday, transport, tickets, hotel accommodation. and so on
7. Relations with other people, for example, friendship.invitations. politics, and so on
8. Health and welfare, for example, parts of body, hygiene. insurance, medical service, and so on
9. Shopping. for example. shopping facilities, foodstuffs, fashion. prices, household articles, and so on.
10. Rod and drink, for example. order meal in restaurant, menu, and So on.
11. Services, for example. post, telephone, hank, petrol station, and on.
12. Places. In this topic, the speaker should be able to refer to a map. and to state and inquire about distances and directions.
13. Foreign language, for example. the ability and undcrstandingd speaking foreign language.
14. Weather, for example. climate and weather conditions.

These topics may he involved in the dating invitation expressions produced by males and females. Thus, the topics involved may reveal what the meaning of each expression is.

Types of Sentences Sentence is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate. It expresses a complete idea (Klammer, l977).A subject of a sentence is a noun which ustially occurs at the beginning of the sentence. The noun can be the names ofthe person or pronoun alxut which is stated or asked. A predicate is the part of the sentence that says what the subject does or what it is like (Klammer, 1977).
According to Ek (1976), the types of sentence can he divided into three categories, they are basic sentence types, short sentence types. and sentence complexity types.

The four basic sentence types which can be distinguished are:
1. declarative :a sentence which is a Statement. It asserts a bit of information, for example. ‘There will be no test tomorrow.’
2. interrogative : there are two kinds of interrogative. The first one is those that expect the answer yes or no. For example. ‘May we leave the room now?’. The second one is those that seek some information other than yes or no. Usually, it is in the form of wh questions. for example. ‘why have you wailed so long?’. Certain questions called the tag questions are in the form of a statement followed by the auxiliary and appropriate pronoun. If the senLence is positive, the tag will be negative, and vice versa (Klammer, 1977).
3. imperative : a sentence that gives a command or makes a request. Request is a function of language which speaker often utters. When a speaker utters it, he or she will take the benefit of the action requested. Request often occurs in the question form can be made by using modals such as Ca,,, could, will, and always the pronoun ‘you’, for example. ‘Do,, ‘get
4. exclumative : a sentence that expresses strong emotion of the speakeror the subject., for example. ‘!‘n ‘e interested in reading this book.’

According to J.A. van Ek, in the sentence types. there are also types of short sentences. Short sentences are sentences that contain one element of sentence (subject, verb, subject complement. and adverb of manner, place, and time). Parts of these elements of sentence can be deleted. The types of short sentences are:
1. Short answers: Yes, I am,  No. I can’t
2. Short questions: Are you?,  Can’t you?
3. Tag questions. It is the affirmative form of the main clause,
 for example, ‘You aren’t afraid, are you?

Based on the complexity of a sentence, J.A. van Ek classifies the sentence into three categories, they are:
1. Simple sentences, i.e. sentences that contain two complements. For instance, I cook in the kitchen’
2. Compound sentences, i.e. sentences with the coordination with, and, but, or and the conjunction without. For example. ‘My friends and I are studying together.
3. Complex sentences, i.e. sentences which contain object clauses and subject clauses ( for example, ‘It is apityihat you cannot come), adverbial clauses of time, place, condition,  cause/reason, relative clauses.